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Category Volume 2

Special Economic Zones in developing countries: Challenges and opportunities for Zimbabwe

Abstract – The concept of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) being adopted by Government is a positive move towards economic development. SEZs are areas granted special privileges in a country specifically for economic development through foreign business persons to invest into that country. The privileges include special investment policies such as tax easing, financial support and issuance of work permits and special support in infrastructure. Major businesses which usually fall under SEZs are manufacturing, agriculture, commerce, tourism. If implemented accordingly, they assist in employment creation and economic development. There is need to ensure that laws and regulations which address issues of gender, working conditions, human rights and security are well expounded and put into place to avoid their failure. It should be noted that creation of SEZs should not be viewed as a substitute for the country’s large trade and investments reforms as these may lead to total failure of trade policy. Keywords: SEZs, ZIDA, Tax Incentives, FDIs, Trade Policies, Linkages [Cite as: Chiukira, L. (2020). Special Economic Zones in Developing Countries: Challenges and Opportunities for Zimbabwe. Diverse Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 7, Pages 1-13.]

Mental Health Stress and Coping Strategies Among Healthcare Workers at the Bolgatanga Regional Hospital

Abstract – The outbreak of COVID-19 in China through to the declaration by the World Health Organization as it being a health emergency has seen a variety of healthcare personnel at the forefront in the fight against the virus. There has been increase demand of healthcare workers to do more leading to increase workload which has the potential to increase the stress of healthcare professional thereby negating their mental health. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of stress on the mental health of the healthcare workers and the their coping strategies in the era of COVID-19. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used to collect data on mental health stress among the healthcare workers and their coping strategies during the era of COVID-19. Data was collected from 138 clinicians using a self-administered questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and results presented in the form of frequency tables and percentages and figures. Findings of the work showed clinicians are aware of the causes of stress among health workers, its impacts on them and how to deal with the stress. The attitude of the staff can generally be considered to be good with good stress coping strategies that can be associated with their educational qualification, working experience and motivational levels. Keywords: Mental Health, Coping, Strategies, Coronavirus, Nurse [Cite as: Ani-Amponsah, M., Awuni, S. A., Empalba, M. Y., Haruna, B. F., Atanga, R., and Imoro, M. A. (2020). Mental Health Stress and Coping Strategies Among Healthcare Workers at the Bolgatanga Regional Hospital. Diverse Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 6, Pages 48-60.]

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Nurses in the Tamale Metropolis Towards Coronavirus Prevention

Abstract – The coronavirus pandemic that engulfed the world continues to bring health care facilities and personnel including nurses to their knees. Both human and material resources are overburdened, cost of personal protective equipment have soar up amidst high demand. Nevertheless, nurses continue to play the frontline role to aid in dealing with the pandemic. This exposes them to contracting the virus therefore making it essential for nurses to acquaint themselves with high level of knowledge and prevention practices to stay safe to continue to render care to patients. The study explored the nurses’ knowledge, attitude and practices towards coronavirus prevention. A quantitative descriptive study design was adopted for the work to gather data on knowledge, attitude and practices. Data was collected from 196 nurses/midwives using a self-administered questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and results presented in the form of frequency tables and percentages and figures. The attitude of the nurses/midwives can generally be considered to be good with good prevention practices that can be associated with their educational qualification, working experience and motivational levels. It can be concluded that the nurses and midwives had adequate knowledge regarding coronavirus (SARS-CoV 2). Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practices, Coronavirus, Nurse [Cite as: Buertey, A., Sadick, F., Ayamba, A., Nuhu, S., Abdul-Rahaman, A., and Imoro, M. A. (2020). Knowledge Attitudes and Practices of Nurses in the Tamale Metropolis Towards Coronavirus Prevention. Diverse Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 6, Pages 34-47.]

Efficiency in the Short-Term Insurance Industry in Zimbabwe: An application of the Stochastic Frontier Approach

Abstract – Efficiency has stood out to be one of the key fundamentals in economics and as such, many corporates have endeavored in injecting capital, including, human capital in a bid to enhance efficiency. Owing to the stake that efficiency has in the field of economic research, several researchers have delved in a myriad of studies ranging from exploring the determinants of efficiency as well as measuring efficiency in the insurance sector. This study empirically examined the efficiency of Zimbabwe’s non-life insurance companies. Cost and profit efficiency scores were analyzed using the Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA) which is a parametric approach. The choice of the methodology is based on its ability to separate the error term into two components namely the measurement errors and other random factors. The study utilized annual data from 19 non-life insurance companies during the period ranging from 2010-2017. Findings from the study indicated that firms in Zimbabwe’s non-life insurance sectors had average efficiency scores of 98.51 and 83.16 per cent in cost and profit correspondingly. Keywords: Parametric Approach, Stochastic Frontier Approach, Cost and Profit Efficiency, Translog cost function [Cite as: Musiiwa, R., Chinorwadza, T., and Dzingai, M. E. (2020). Efficiency in the short-term insurance industry in Zimbabwe: An application of the Stochastic Frontier Approach. Diverse Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 6, Pages 26-33.]

Job Satisfaction and Attitude of Teachers at Secondary Level: A Comparative Study

Abstract – Satisfaction is an essential part of any task. When anyone is satisfied by action regarding a particular perspective, then that task would be useful, meaningful and successful. In the teaching profession, satisfaction of the teachers with their job has its importance because when they become very satisfied with their job, the teaching process would be interesting, adequate and fruitful. Attitude is the psychological aspect of any individual. It is that aspect that describes the internal capacity of any individual towards work. It has own importance and works as an agent for the promotion of educational knowledge. This study identified the relationship between attitude and satisfaction of the job. It was confined in the Kannauj district of Uttar Pradesh and included all the secondary schools as population and 40 teachers selected as a sample for present study. The researcher wants to identify the effect of independent (attitude) variable on dependent (job satisfaction) variable. Five-point Likert scale-based questionnaire developed by Meera Dixit containing 52 items (8 dimensioned based) used for job satisfaction and teacher aptitude inventory containing 90 items (6 dimensioned based) developed by S. P. Ahluwalia used for the teaching aptitude. Objectives wise data analysis was done by the researcher. The statistical parameters (mean, standard deviation & coefficient of co-relation) were used to calculate the value of the score collected by the questionnaire. The teachers of the Kannauj district shows a positive attitude regarding their teaching profession. Keywords: Job Satisfaction, Attitude, Relation, Secondary level, Comparative [Cite as: Ali, M. I., and Equbal, S. (2020). Job Satisfaction and Attitude of Teachers at Secondary Level: A Comparative Study. Diverse Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 6, Pages 20-25.]

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Crude Oil Price Crisis on the Price of Automobile Fuels in European Countries

Abstract – Coronavirus outbreak has had a notable global and national impact on the energy sector, contributing to a decline in the price of crude oil as well as lower prices of transport fuels in Europe. Furthermore, the oil price crisis due to Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war was another shock which led to a significant drop in the prices of road fuels in European countries. Therefore, this study is aiming to examine the impact of the COVID-19, as well as, crude oil price on the prices of transport fuels in four European countries including; Italy, Germany, France, and Spain. The regression estimations demonstrate that COVID-19 pandemic has significant impacts on the prices of regular petrol_95, premium petrol_98, LPG and Diesel. The numbers of new cases caused by COVID-19 have positive impacts on the prices of transport fuels, while the impacts of the number of new deaths are negative. Moreover, the findings reveal a negatively significant impact of the crude oil price on the prices of automobile fuels in four sample countries. This paper also finds that the effect of oil price on transport fuels are more than the COVID-19 pandemic. Keywords: Transport fuels, Retail price, COVID-19, Oil price, Europe [Cite as: Ghazanfari, A. (2020). The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Crude Oil Price Crisis on the Price of Automobile Fuels in European Countries. Diverse Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 6, Pages 10-19.]

Determinants of Profitability in the Zimbabwean Insurance Industry from 2009-2017

Abstract – This study sought to evaluate the determinants of Zimbabwe Insurance Industry`s performance from 2009-2017. During the period under review, Zimbabwe was operating with a stable currency regime. The study used return on equity (ROE) as a proxy of profitability. A combination of firm specific factors and macroeconomic factors were considered in the regression model to ascertain their impact on profitability. Panel data for 8 life assurance companies was subjected to Multiple Regression using e-views 8 statistical package. A Random Effects model was adopted and the results imply that firm specific variables; expense ratio and equity capital are significantly and positively related to profitability. Findings further registered a positive relationship between GDP growth and profitability. A negative relationship was registered between ROE and inflation rate. Keywords: ROE, Firm specific factors, Macroeconomic factors, Random Effects [Cite as: Chinorwadza, T., Mutandagai, V. M., and Mutonhori, T. (2020). Determinants of Profitability in the Zimbabwean Insurance Industry from 2009-2017. Diverse Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 6, Pages 1-9.]

Availability and Adoption of Online Learning Platforms during Covid-19 Lockdown in Nigeria

Abstract – The study investigated the availability and adoption of online learning platforms during Covid-19 lockdown in Nigeria in public and private schools. The study adopted ex-post facto design of non-experimental research. Users of online learning platform in the South western states formed the population for this study. Learning platform adoption questionnaire (r= 0.83) was used in online broadcast message with sample selected using survey monkey for data collection. The data collected were analysed by frequency counts and t-test. WhatsApp 67 (98.5%) is the most available platform and 45 (88.2%) most adopted platform by respondents while Meebo is the least 1 (4.3%) available platform and is not adopted at all 0 (0%). There is significant difference in the availability [t(72) = -149.25; p < 0.05] and adoption [t(72) = -117.19; p < 0.05]of online learning platforms by public and private schools. It is therefore recommended that schools should avail themselves of the opportunities offered by the available learning platforms at their disposal through adoption. Keywords: Covid-19, Availability, Adoption, Synchronous and Asynchronous [Cite as: Jinadu, A. T., and Balogun, R. T. (2020). Availability and Adoption of Online Learning Platforms during Covid-19 Lockdown in Nigeria. Diverse Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 5, Pages 8-12.]

Economic Impact of COVID-19 Induced Lockdown in Zimbabwe

Abstract – Economic Impact of COVID-19 Induced Lockdown in Zimbabwe. The government of China officially declared the outbreak of COVID-19 on the 9th of January 2020. The virus spread more rapidly to many parts of the world and the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic on the 11th of March 2020. In a bid to reduce the spread of the novel virus, governments across the world introduced lockdown measures. Zimbabwe introduced its lockdown measures on the 31st of March 2020, the country closed its borders to the rest of the world serve for cargo and returning residents. Using qualitative and comparative analysis methodology, the results from the study revealed that the COVID-19 induced lockdown had a dramatic impact to the Zimbabwean economy and societal welfare. During the lockdown, prices of basic goods continued to increase and cross border trade was brought to a halt leading to shortages of some imported basic goods. The exchange rate continued to depreciate, government revenue was affected and informal traders lost income during the lockdown. The study recommended the government to institute measures that support the businesses and vulnerable members of the society. The study also recommended the government to sustain the support measures for at least six months. Keywords: COVID-19, lockdown, economic challenges, societal welfare [Cite as: Nyabunze, A., and Siavhundu, T. (2020). Economic Impact of COVID-19 Induced Lockdown in Zimbabwe. Diverse Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 5, Pages 1-7.]

The Determinants of Tax Evasion Behaviour by Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) In Harare Metropolitan Province, Zimbabwe

Abstract – Time immemorial, tax evasion has presented itself as a thorn in the flesh for almost all tax administrators world-wide. Though many researchers have devoted precious time in studying the determinants of tax evasion, findings remain inconclusive. This study examines the determinants of tax evasion behaviour by Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Harare Metropolitan Province in Zimbabwe. A Linear Probability Model (LPM) was employed since the dependent variable was dichotomous in nature. Explanatory variables considered in the study were; tax burden, marital status, tax education, income and perceived fairness of the tax system. Findings unearthed statistically significant positive relationship between tax compliance and tax education, income and perceived fairness of a tax system. Keywords: Tax evasion, Linear Probability Model, Small to Medium Enterprises [Cite as: Chinorwadza, T., and Mutonhori, T. (2020). The Determinants of Tax Evasion Behaviour by Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) In Harare Metropolitan Province, Zimbabwe. Diverse Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 4, Pages 1-8.]

Higher Education and Social Responsibility: A Case Study on the Role of National Service Scheme (NSS) in Higher Educational Institutions in Rural Areas of Assam, India

Abstract – The present research paper has made an attempt to study the role of NSS units of higher educational institutions and their different activities to make the students socially responsible in a rural area of Assam. A survey of different NSS Unit’s activities of the provincialized colleges and a total of 20 volunteers each from four sampled Provincialized Colleges were randomly selected for the purpose of the study. From the study, it has been observed that NSS playing a significant role for not only the social and but also the personality development of the students’ community. After joining the NSS activities, the volunteers have been more conscious about Health & Hygiene care etc. Keyword: Higher Educational Institutions, National Service Scheme, Social Responsibility [Cite as: Das, D. K. (2020). Higher Education and Social Responsibility: A Case Study on the Role of National Service Scheme (NSS) in Higher Educational Institutions in Rural Areas of Assam, India. Diverse Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 3, Pages 1-6.]

The Nigeria’s Niger-Delta Protracted Conflict: How Relevant is Azar’s Protracted Social Conflict Theory to the Analysis of the Conflict?

Abstract – The Niger Delta conflict has continued to attract the attention of scholars, policymakers,and non-governmental organisations because of the abject poverty of the oil-bearing communities and the impact of the conflict on the global oil price. The efforts by both the Nigerian government and friendly countries, especially those that their oil companies are operating in the region to assist the country in its efforts to address the country has yielded no fruits. Several causes have been identified as responsible for the conflict and different theories have also been used to analyse the conflict but none has provided a thorough understanding of the conflict. However, there is a paucity of studies that have applied Azar’s protracted social conflict theory to the analysis of the Niger Delta conflict and this study fills this lacuna and contributes to the understanding of the Niger Delta conflict. It examines the relevance of the Azar’s theory to the understanding of the Niger Delta conflict and relies on secondary sources of data. The paper argues that the theory is multi-disciplinary in approach and also encompassing, as it contains elements of other theories that have been used to analyse the Niger Delta. However, the theory suffers from several limitations which limit its application to the Niger Delta conflict. Keywords: Nigeria, Niger-Delta, Protracted Conflict, Azar’s Protracted Social Conflict [Cite as: Adeosun, A. B. (2020). The Nigeria’s Niger-Delta Protracted Conflict: How Relevant is Azar’s Protracted Social Conflict Theory to the Analysis of the Conflict? Diverse Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 3, Pages 13-22.]

Endless Circle of Self-Determination Rumbling: When the Stick-and-Carrot Strategy Fails, Is Nigeria’s Collective Journey Still Non-Negotiable?

Abstract – Agitation for self-determination is as old as the Nigerian State. On a large scale, it has led to a civil war, and subsequently, a pocket of ethnic insurgencies across all regions of the federation. The Federal Government strategy has often been oscillating between wielding the stick of force through military engagement in combating the often militant agitators and pacifying them at other time with a round-table carrot via monetary inducement, contract awards or superficial bogus amnesty package. These strategies have always served an interim purpose because the gamut of trigger-root causes for further agitation has not been fundamentally addressed. Even series of National Conferences organized by successive administrations were often necessitated by political exigency with a Nigeria’s-Unity-not-Negotiable caveat for the handpicked conferees. This essay seeks to interrogate those artificial and natural variables that may have held the country together since independence in 1960 in the face of violent agitations and the prospects, or otherwise, of its continued inseparableness amidst wobbling strategies and seemingly exclusive governance. In this essay, I explore the essence/thesis of self-determination in the current wave of ethnic militancy in Nigeria and argue that political decentralization which has been successful in reducing ethnic conflict and secessionism in some democracies has proved otherwise in democratic countries like Nigeria. Thus, the need for state-organized referendum with a view to giving all aggrieved ethnic groups the opportunity to determine their status within the Nigerian State. Keywords: Self-Determination, Agitation, Fragile Union, Federation, Stick-and-Carrot [Cite as: Omilusi, M. (2020). Endless Circle of Self-Determination Rumbling: When the Stick-and-Carrot Strategy Fails, Is Nigeria’s Collective Journey Still Non-Negotiable? Diverse Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 2, Pages 45-58.]

Significant China Government Efforts Slow Down the Covid-19: Evidence from the Ordinary Least Square Method

Abstract – As dated 23 February, China’s newly recovered corona-virus patients outnumber new infections for 5th consecutive day while 18 new infections on mainland regions outside Hubei with 21 province level regions recording zero new infections. The present study is focusing on evaluating the daily and weekly percentage marginal change for the Covid-19’s Confirmed Cases, Recovered Cases, and the Death Cases from the period dated 20 January 2020 to 23 February 2020 in China. To find the desired results, the study applied the Ordinary Least Square Method (OLS) to assess the daily marginal average percentage change for the Covid-19’s Confirmed Cases, Recovered Cases and the Death Cases from the week dated 20 January 2020 to 23 February 2020 in China. Daily reported time series data from China statistics from 20 January 2020 to 23 February 2020 were used to make the study’s objective accomplished. To evaluate the percentage marginal change for the Covid-19 Confirmed cases, recovered cases, and the death cases, the study calculated the daily and weekly marginal average percentage change for the sub divided weeks that are (20 Jan 2020-26 Jan 2020), (27 Jan 2020 – 2 Feb 2020), (3 Feb 2020 – 9 Feb 2020), (10 Feb 2020 – 16 Feb 2020), and (17 Feb 2020 – 23 Feb 2020). The findings of the study were in actual fact interesting. The study findings revealed that the Covid-19 Confirmed cases and Death cases weekly marginal average percentage change is continuously declining from the week dated 20 January 2020 to 23 February 2020 in China. However, the Covid-19 recovered cases weekly marginal average change is increasing at decreasing rate. Evidence of the   study findings justified the fact that significant China Government efforts and measures to fight the battle of Covid-19 has a positive outcome and meaningful within the period…

Analysis of the Impact of the Covid-19 to the Petrol Prices in China

Abstract – Recent literature evidence shows that the Oil Price trends in China is declining since the outbreak of the Covid-19. This study is aiming to investigate the impact of the Covid-19 confirmed cases on petrol prices from the period dated 20 January 2020 to 23 February 2020 in China. With that regard, the present study used the Simple regression linear model to evaluate the impact of the Covid-19 confirmed cases on petrol prices during the period from dated 20 January to 23 February 2020 in China. Time series data from Global Petrol Prices and China daily Statistics from the period dated 20 January to 23 February 2020 for China were used to evaluate the impact of the Covid-19 confirmed cases on petrol prices in China. To investigate the impact of the Covid-19 confirmed cases on petrol prices in China, the study assumes the Covid-19 confirmed cases to be the independent variable while the petrol price to be a dependent variable of the study. The findings of the study were in actual fact catching up the attention. The study findings revealed that there is a negative and insignificant impact of the Covid-19 confirmed cases on petrol prices from the period dated 20 January 2020 to 23 February 2020 in China. Keywords: China, Covid-19, confirmed cases, petrol prices, impact [Cite as: Sansa, N. A. (2020). Analysis of the Impact of the Covid-19 to the Petrol Prices in China. Diverse Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 2, Pages 33-37.]

Effects of Corruption on Tax Revenues in Zimbabwe (1998-2018)

Abstract – The study sought to establish the effects of corruption on tax revenues in Zimbabwe. Using the robust Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression methodology, annual time series data ranging from 1998 up to 2018 was used. During the period under review, the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority (ZIMRA) missed revenue collection targets on numerous occasions especially due to inefficiencies in revenue collection. Corruption has been identified to be one of main causes leading to inefficient collection of revenue in Zimbabwe. As a result, the variable tax revenue was used as the depended variable whilst the variable corruption was included amongst explanatory variables together with other control variable which are fiscal deficit, inflation and Gross Domestic Product. The results from the empirical findings revealed that an inverse relationship exists between tax revenue and corruption. Stated differently, a rise in the level of corruption in Zimbabwe negatively affects tax revenues. The study concluded by recommending the government of Zimbabwe to reduce corruption through modernisation and simplification of the entire tax system. The study also encouraged the government to impose stiffer penalties to the perpetrators of corruption and to arrest every public official engaging in corrupt activities despite one’s political muscle. Keywords: corruption, corruption perception index, tax revenue, tax system [Cite as: Nyabunze, A., and Siavhundu, T. (2020). Effect of Corruption on Tax Revenues in Zimbabwe (1998-2018). Diverse Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 2, Pages 18-23.]

An Econometric Test of the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange’s Micro-Efficiency (2009-2017)

Abstract – Issues related to stock market efficiency have been part of researchers’ playground particularly in Africa and the world in general. This study had an objective of ascertaining whether or not the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange (ZSE) follows a random walk. Using monthly data for the ZSE from February 2009 to September 2017, the study employed normality and unit root tests to answer the major research question of whether the ZSE follows a random walk. The Jarque-Bera and the Augmented Dickey Fuller Test, normality test and unit root test respectively, both revealed evidence of micro-inefficiency of the ZSE. The study recommended the establishment of strong institutions aimed at improving information flow and availability to all interested economic agents. Keywords: ADF, bourse, jarque-bera, micro-efficiency, random walk, stock market, unit root [Cite as: Siavhundu, T., and Nyabunze, A. (2020). An Econometric Test of the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange’s Micro-Efficiency (2009-2017). Diverse Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 2, Pages 7-17.]

Study on the Need of a Green Transport System in Thimphu City

Abstract – Green transport system is recognized as one of the solutions to mitigate climate change. There is an enabling policy for a green transport system in Bhutan. The research was conducted in a right time as we are concern of emission from the transport sector that contributes to global warming. By switching urban transport system to green transport, an emission from the transport sector would reduce, thereby reducing global warming potential. Hence, this study analyzed the possibilities of establishing alternate mode of transport to an existing transport system with the emerging threat from climate change. A total of 1100 survey questionnaire was administered to different age groups in Thimphu city. The participants were from ten different sub-area of the study area. The willingness of people to use green transport and its fare were analyzed so that this study will not only inform people of Bhutan about demand of green transport system, but also serve as guidelines to policy makers and bureaucrats. Keywords: Climate change, Green transport, Thimphu city, Willingness [Cite as: Nidup, T., and Dorji, Y. (2020). Study on the Need of a Green Transport System in Thimphu City. Diverse Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 2, Pages 1-6.]

Knowledge and Practice of Standard Precautions of Infection Control Among Nurses at Tertiary Care Hospitals in Peshawar of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Abstract – Standard Precautions (SPs) are prevention practices used to lessen the prevalence of infection in any healthcare system. SPs apply to all healthcare units where patients are treated. Nursing staff are more prone to the transfer of infection because they deal more with the patients as compared to other healthcare personnel. A Cross-sectional study was carried out in Peshawar’s three tertiary care hospitals. Overall, 300 nurses were used in the study. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Majority (76%) of the study respondents had knowledge regarding standard precautions. More than half of the respondents reported that standard precautions are only used for infected patients. Around quarter (26%) of nursing staff stated that standard precautions are not necessary for HCV positive patients. More than half (71%) nurses wash their hands after contacting infected patients. The findings of the study revealed that nurses had enough knowledge regarding SPS of infection control. The role of healthcare setups is very important for good practice and improvement of nurse’s knowledge regarding SPs of infection control. Keywords: infection control, knowledge, nurses, standard precautions [Cite as: Khattak, I. U., Ghani, S., and Zaman, T. (2020). Knowledge and Practice of Standard Precautions of Infection Control Among Nurses at Tertiary Care Hospitals in Peshawar of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Diverse Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1, Pages 10-15.]

The Trend and Prone Areas of Cholera Outbreaks: A Review of the Cholera Line List Form (2011 – 2015) in Ho Municipality, Ghana

Abstract – Cholera has attracted both global and public health attention due to its mode of transmission and severity. For instance, cholera has become one of the most researched communicable diseases all around the globe. Throughout history, cholera has taken numerous lives and still remains a threat to the world, mainly in African countries. The study was to determine the trend and prone areas of cholera outbreaks and the most affected populations in the Ho Municipality from 2011 to 2015. A retrospective study was used and time series analysis performed using purposive sampling method to review the cholera line list form reported from 2011-2015. Of 100 confirmed cholera cases, 59 (62.6%) were males. The overall case fatality rate was 4.2%. The most affected age group was 31-40 years, 27 (27.0%) and mean age being 35.8 (SD= 19.1) and ranged 1 to 85 years. Most cases occurred in April, May, and September. The results of this study showed that cholera outbreaks occurred in different communities in the Ho Municipality including those outside the municipality. A varied number of cases were recorded over the five-year period, especially in the major and minor seasons. Keywords: Cholera, outbreaks, cases, line list form, Ho Municipality, Hohoe Municipality [Cite as: Kogi, R. and Takramah, W. K. (2020). The Trend and Prone Areas of Cholera Outbreaks: A Review of the Cholera Line List Form (2011 – 2015) in Ho Municipality, Ghana. Diverse Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1, Pages 1-9.]

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